Kristalina Georgieva, Managing Director of the IMF, titled her recent Oct 15 speech at the IMF Annual Meetings “A New Bretton Woods moment”
1, hinting that Covid-19 may trigger a financial crisis of such scale as to require rejigging the Bretton Woods agreements, the foundation of our post-World War II financial system.
With the exception of a handful of countries like China and New Zealand, most Governments have lost control over Covid-19. In other words, the virus has reached such a scale that contact tracing cannot be effective in suppressing contagion. Given the uncertainties in most of the world about whether there will be further spikes in the virus, the extent of those spikes, possible lockdowns or other restrictions–economic forecasting becomes highly uncertain, if not impossible.
Lockdowns—due to their exorbitant cost–have been dropped from the agenda of many Governments. Yet the infection rate in the autumn of 2020 is already higher in many countries than last spring (400,000 new infections tallied per day as at time of writing, and rising)—and if fatality rates were to reach a certain threshold, lockdowns may once again become the ordre du jour (witness recent developments in Wales and Ireland). Or if Governments do no not impose lockdown, economic activity may shrivel due to people retreating into self-imposed isolation.
The world economy today is characterized by record levels of indebtedness—sovereign, corporate and personal—and record declines in GDP, which makes the debt all the less sustainable. Debt levels were globally at record levels even before Covid-19 hit. And the solution for high debt during the covid-19 crisis seems to be taking on even more debt. The only reason that the record levels of indebtedness have not created a financial crisis to date is that interest rates have been extremely low, often negative. (Even Italy has been able to float debt at very low interest, –most recently, three year bonds at zero coupon2, for example).
It is easy to see how with mountains of debt, higher interest rates could bring down the house of cards. Inflationary expectations or loss of confidence in fiat currencies are two factors which might lead to higher interest rates.
In the United States, foreign interest in Treasuries seems to be evaporating, and the Fed has become the largest purchaser of Treasuries. The Fed and other branches of the US Government hold over $10 trillion of the total $27 trillion in Treasuries outstanding, and the share is growing rapidly3. While foreign and private buyers are shying away from Treasuries, an enormous amount of new debt that need to be issued, and old debt refinanced, over the next few years. Rapidly increasing issuance of Treasuries and diminished demand should lead to rising interest rates, save for the artificial suppression of interest rates by the US Fed stepping in as the largest purchaser.
Other than mountains of debt and the possibility of rising interest rates, there are also numerous other time bombs ticking away in the financial system, to name few (not in order of importance):
It is hard to predict when or where the financial system will experience its blowout—suffice it to say there are quite a few points of weakness or vulnerability. Should it happen, given the unsustainable levels of debt being accumulated, economists are beginning to talk about a reset of the global financial system. “A New Bretton Woods Moment” is a strong hint that the IMF may also be thinking in this direction.
With the exception of a handful of countries like China and New Zealand, most Governments have lost control over Covid-19. In other words, the virus has reached such a scale that contact tracing cannot be effective in suppressing contagion. Given the uncertainties in most of the world about whether there will be further spikes in the virus, the extent of those spikes, possible lockdowns or other restrictions–economic forecasting becomes highly uncertain, if not impossible.
Lockdowns—due to their exorbitant cost–have been dropped from the agenda of many Governments. Yet the infection rate in the autumn of 2020 is already higher in many countries than last spring (400,000 new infections tallied per day as at time of writing, and rising)—and if fatality rates were to reach a certain threshold, lockdowns may once again become the ordre du jour (witness recent developments in Wales and Ireland). Or if Governments do no not impose lockdown, economic activity may shrivel due to people retreating into self-imposed isolation.
The world economy today is characterized by record levels of indebtedness—sovereign, corporate and personal—and record declines in GDP, which makes the debt all the less sustainable. Debt levels were globally at record levels even before Covid-19 hit. And the solution for high debt during the covid-19 crisis seems to be taking on even more debt. The only reason that the record levels of indebtedness have not created a financial crisis to date is that interest rates have been extremely low, often negative. (Even Italy has been able to float debt at very low interest, –most recently, three year bonds at zero coupon2, for example).
It is easy to see how with mountains of debt, higher interest rates could bring down the house of cards. Inflationary expectations or loss of confidence in fiat currencies are two factors which might lead to higher interest rates.
In the United States, foreign interest in Treasuries seems to be evaporating, and the Fed has become the largest purchaser of Treasuries. The Fed and other branches of the US Government hold over $10 trillion of the total $27 trillion in Treasuries outstanding, and the share is growing rapidly3. While foreign and private buyers are shying away from Treasuries, an enormous amount of new debt that need to be issued, and old debt refinanced, over the next few years. Rapidly increasing issuance of Treasuries and diminished demand should lead to rising interest rates, save for the artificial suppression of interest rates by the US Fed stepping in as the largest purchaser.
Other than mountains of debt and the possibility of rising interest rates, there are also numerous other time bombs ticking away in the financial system, to name few (not in order of importance):
- Sovereign Default. Over 100 billion has already flowed out of emerging countries since the spring of 2020, three times the outflows during the Lehman crisis, raising the possibility of sovereign default4.
- Bank Default. This could be triggered by any number of factors, including * high level of bankruptcies (which are set to rise exponentially); *Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLO’s)– securities backed by pools of debt (similar to the Collateralized Mortgage Obligations which created the 2008 financial crisis. CLO’s are basically bundles of corporate debt of differing quality—estimated to be over USD 1 trillion in the US5, or * Derivatives—given that there is no transparency concerning counterparty risk, this catalyzed financial markets seizing up during the Lehman crisis. Simply put, it was impossible to ascertain how risky banks were. This has not been a lesson learned from the Lehman crisis. The level of derivatives are higher than ever. * Paper gold. This was the subject of a recent article of mine6. In the event of a massive short squeeze, owners of ETF’s and gold contracts could be victims of default—here we are talking about numbers potentially exceeding USD 100 trillion.
It is hard to predict when or where the financial system will experience its blowout—suffice it to say there are quite a few points of weakness or vulnerability. Should it happen, given the unsustainable levels of debt being accumulated, economists are beginning to talk about a reset of the global financial system. “A New Bretton Woods Moment” is a strong hint that the IMF may also be thinking in this direction.
1https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/10/15/sp101520-a-new-bretton-woods-moment
2https://www.ft.com/content/56e4ddaf-dcf4-4a71-836d-b2d63eb9c2d4
3https://www.thebalance.com/who-owns-the-u-s-national-debt-3306124
4https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/04/07/sp040920-SMs2020-Curtain-Raiser
5https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/07/coronavirus-banks-collapse/612247/
6https://bbj.hu/business/an-upcoming-paper-gold-crisis_189486
2https://www.ft.com/content/56e4ddaf-dcf4-4a71-836d-b2d63eb9c2d4
3https://www.thebalance.com/who-owns-the-u-s-national-debt-3306124
4https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/04/07/sp040920-SMs2020-Curtain-Raiser
5https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/07/coronavirus-banks-collapse/612247/
6https://bbj.hu/business/an-upcoming-paper-gold-crisis_189486