Part I of the series tackled the value of gold as a portfolio hedge. This article, Part II of the series, will discuss the very limited stock of gold within the world
, and the supply and demand of gold, elements an investor should also understand before investing is gold.
This article (and also part III) will highlight the low stock and supply of gold, coupled with possible spikes in demand, that have the potential to create substantial appreciation in gold prices.
(a) Supply
The total amount of gold mined in the history of the world is approximately 193,000 tones1. Estimates of the global amount of gold differ: a recent BBC article estimates it at 171,300 tonnes2. This represents a cube of 20.7 meters on each side – when you think about it, an incredibly small amount!
Furthermore, there does not seem to be that much new supply coming onto the market – only about 3,000 tones per year (in addition to a smaller amount that is recycled):
Exhibit 1: Gold supply: mine production vs recycled gold, tones3
The amount mined is quite constant. Against that backdrop, the US Geological Survey estimates there are only 52,000 tonnes of minable gold in the world4. Of course, more could be identified, but environmentalists are also making it much more difficult for new mines to be approved.
The production by country in 2017 is segmented in the chart below:
Exhibit 2: Top 10 Gold producing Countries in the World in 2017, tones5
China is the leading gold producing country. However, a production growth pattern changed to decline in 2017-2018, and is likely to continue, due to stricter environmental regulations. These regulations – particularly related to cyanide in tailings – have had a dramatic impact on national gold production6. (However, gold supply could increase from Russia, given a large number of new projects under development7).
In short, it seems the stock of gold is finite and only limited supply is being added annually to the stock.
(b) Demand
Demand for gold, at a very macro level, is best summed up by the following two charts:
Exhibit 3: Gold demand in 2010-2018, tones8
Exhibit 4: Gold demand in 2018, tones and percentage9
A few words about each of the four major areas of demand for gold. In 2018, jewelry was by far the largest source of demand, particularly in Asia (India and China).
Exhibit 5: Jewelry demand in selected countries, tones10
Gold demand in China tripled between 2004 and 201311. There is potential for further increase in gold demand in China and India, due to the fact that reverence for gold seems culturally ingrained, and rising affluence and growing middle classes in both countries. Gold demand has also been growing in other Asian countries like Indonesia and Vietnam.
Another source of demand – and recently a growing one – has been Central Banks. According to the IMF, official world gold holdings are almost 33.9 thousand tons as of February 2019. US and Germany have the highest official holding, as gold exceeds 70% of their reserves.
Exhibit 6: Top 15 countries/financial institutions based on gold holdings as of February 201912
Demand from Central Banks has recently been increasing significantly, from 9% of total gold demand in 2017 to 15% in 201813. Some past and future potential sources for Central Bank demand:
There are also many new uses that may drive demand for gold in the automotive, electronics, industrial, healthcare (particularly related to gold in nanoparticulate form), and telecommunications (e.g. 5G) sectors.
Investment demand for gold has been the most volatile area of demand for gold. This includes gold bar and coin, gold-backed ETF’s. Demand goes up when investors require a safe haven. As the world economy has done well, perception of risk has been low, gold price have performed poorly:
Exhibit 8: Investment demand, tones and gold price, US$/oz.20
The opposite is also true. If financial markets were to become even more volatile, or demand for safe haven investments would increase, the gold has the potential to perform extremely well.
To summarize: analysis of supply and demand for gold shows that the fundamentals may be in place for a rise in gold prices. The third and last article in this series will focus on the demand for gold for investment purposes, and summarize the case for investing a portion of one’s portfolio in gold.
Disclosure:Les Nemethy is long on gold coin, gold miners, and gold royalties. The authors wrote this article, which expresses our own opinions. We are not receiving compensation for this article (other than from Seeking Alpha). And have no business relationship with any company marketing or selling gold. This article should not be construed as investment advice.
The amount mined is quite constant. Against that backdrop, the US Geological Survey estimates there are only 52,000 tonnes of minable gold in the world4. Of course, more could be identified, but environmentalists are also making it much more difficult for new mines to be approved.
The production by country in 2017 is segmented in the chart below:
Exhibit 2: Top 10 Gold producing Countries in the World in 2017, tones5
China is the leading gold producing country. However, a production growth pattern changed to decline in 2017-2018, and is likely to continue, due to stricter environmental regulations. These regulations – particularly related to cyanide in tailings – have had a dramatic impact on national gold production6. (However, gold supply could increase from Russia, given a large number of new projects under development7).
In short, it seems the stock of gold is finite and only limited supply is being added annually to the stock.
(b) Demand
Demand for gold, at a very macro level, is best summed up by the following two charts:
Exhibit 3: Gold demand in 2010-2018, tones8
Exhibit 4: Gold demand in 2018, tones and percentage9
A few words about each of the four major areas of demand for gold. In 2018, jewelry was by far the largest source of demand, particularly in Asia (India and China).
Exhibit 5: Jewelry demand in selected countries, tones10
Gold demand in China tripled between 2004 and 201311. There is potential for further increase in gold demand in China and India, due to the fact that reverence for gold seems culturally ingrained, and rising affluence and growing middle classes in both countries. Gold demand has also been growing in other Asian countries like Indonesia and Vietnam.
Another source of demand – and recently a growing one – has been Central Banks. According to the IMF, official world gold holdings are almost 33.9 thousand tons as of February 2019. US and Germany have the highest official holding, as gold exceeds 70% of their reserves.
Exhibit 6: Top 15 countries/financial institutions based on gold holdings as of February 201912
| # | Country / Organization | Tones | % of reserves |
| 1 | United States | 8 133.5 | 74.8% |
| 2 | Germany | 3 369.7 | 70.1% |
| 3 | International Monetary Fund | 2 814.0 | NA |
| 4 | Italy | 2 451.8 | 66.3% |
| 5 | France | 2 436.0 | 60.2% |
| 6 | Russia | 2 113.0 | 18.5% |
| 7 | Mainland China | 1 852.5 | 2.4% |
| 8 | Switzerland | 1 040.0 | 5.4% |
| 9 | Japan | 765.2 | 2.5% |
| 10 | Netherlands | 612.5 | 65.6% |
| 11 | India | 598.6 | 6.2% |
| 12 | European Central Bank | 504.8 | 26.4% |
| 13 | Taiwan | 423.6 | 3.6% |
| 14 | Portugal | 382.5 | 63.2% |
| 15 | Kazakhstan | 350.4 | 46.6% |
- Both Russia and China have been diversifying away from US dollar reserves (“de-dollarising”). For these countries, holding dollar reserves is a likely source of vulnerability, given the tensions with the US. Gold represents a safe haven, and also a portfolio diversifier14.
- China also seeks a greater global role for its currency, the yuan.
- Central banks of smaller countries also actively purchased gold last year—including Hungary and Poland – following the sanctions that were launched by EU institutions15. Hungary increased its gold reserves by ten times to 31.5 tones – to hedge against future structural changes in the international financial system and because of its lack of counterparty or credit risk16. Polish gold reserves rose by 25.7 tones in 2018.
There are also many new uses that may drive demand for gold in the automotive, electronics, industrial, healthcare (particularly related to gold in nanoparticulate form), and telecommunications (e.g. 5G) sectors.
Investment demand for gold has been the most volatile area of demand for gold. This includes gold bar and coin, gold-backed ETF’s. Demand goes up when investors require a safe haven. As the world economy has done well, perception of risk has been low, gold price have performed poorly:
Exhibit 8: Investment demand, tones and gold price, US$/oz.20
The opposite is also true. If financial markets were to become even more volatile, or demand for safe haven investments would increase, the gold has the potential to perform extremely well.
To summarize: analysis of supply and demand for gold shows that the fundamentals may be in place for a rise in gold prices. The third and last article in this series will focus on the demand for gold for investment purposes, and summarize the case for investing a portion of one’s portfolio in gold.
Disclosure:Les Nemethy is long on gold coin, gold miners, and gold royalties. The authors wrote this article, which expresses our own opinions. We are not receiving compensation for this article (other than from Seeking Alpha). And have no business relationship with any company marketing or selling gold. This article should not be construed as investment advice.
1World Gold Council
2BBC – How much gold is there in the world?3World Gold Council
4BBC – How much gold is there in the world?
5World Gold Council
6World Gold Council – Gold Demand Trends, Full year and Q4 2018
7Mining.com – Gold production to grow in the next four years
8World Gold Council
9World Gold Council
10World Gold Council
11World Gold Council – China’s jewellery market – quietly improving
12World Gold Council
13World Gold Council
14According to the World Gold Council survey, 76% of central banks view gold’s role as a safe haven asset as highly relevant, while 59% cited its effectiveness as a portfolio diversifier
15 Article 7 procedure was triggered by the EU commission against Poland at the end of 2017 EU Parliament votes to trigger Article 7 sanctions procedure against Hungary in September of 2018
16 World Gold Council – Gold Demand Trends, Full year and Q4 2018
17Kitco – Gold is an Attractive Diversifier for Investors and Central Banks in 2019
18World Gold Council – Gold Demand Trends, Full year and Q4 2018
19World Gold Council
20World Gold Council
2BBC – How much gold is there in the world?3World Gold Council
4BBC – How much gold is there in the world?
5World Gold Council
6World Gold Council – Gold Demand Trends, Full year and Q4 2018
7Mining.com – Gold production to grow in the next four years
8World Gold Council
9World Gold Council
10World Gold Council
11World Gold Council – China’s jewellery market – quietly improving
12World Gold Council
13World Gold Council
14According to the World Gold Council survey, 76% of central banks view gold’s role as a safe haven asset as highly relevant, while 59% cited its effectiveness as a portfolio diversifier
15 Article 7 procedure was triggered by the EU commission against Poland at the end of 2017 EU Parliament votes to trigger Article 7 sanctions procedure against Hungary in September of 2018
16 World Gold Council – Gold Demand Trends, Full year and Q4 2018
17Kitco – Gold is an Attractive Diversifier for Investors and Central Banks in 2019
18World Gold Council – Gold Demand Trends, Full year and Q4 2018
19World Gold Council
20World Gold Council